BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus of zoonotic origin that can bind to ACE2 receptors on the cells of many wild and domestic mammals. Studies have shown that the virus can circulate among animals mutate, lead to animal-to-human zoonotic jump, and further onward spread between humans. Infection in pets is unusual, and there are few human-to-pet transmission reports worldwide. OBJECTIVE To describe the SARS-CoV-2 infection in a domestic animal in Córdoba, Colombian Caribbean region. METHODS A cross-sectional molecular surveillance study was carried out, oral and rectal swabs were taken from cats and dogs living with people diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 was found in a cat living with a person with COVID-19. Genome sequencing showed that the B.1.111 lineage caused the infection in the cat. The owner’s sample could not be sequenced. The lineage is predominant in Colombia, and this variant is characterised by the presence of the D614D and Q57H mutation. CONCLUSION The present work is the first report of an infected cat with SARS-CoV-2 with whole-genome sequencing in Colombia. It highlights the importance of detecting SARS-CoV-2 mutations that could promote the transmissibility of this new coronavirus. There is still a significant information gap on human-to-cat-to-human infection; we encourage self-isolation measures between COVID-19 patients and companion animals. The findings of this study give a preliminary view of the current panorama of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals in Colombia.

Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) is the triatomine with the largest geographic distribution in Latin America. It has been reported in 18 countries from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean islands. Although most reports indicate that P. geniculatus has wild habitats, this species has intrusive habits regarding human dwellings mainly located in intermediate deforested areas. It is attracted by artificial light from urban and rural buildings, raising the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite the wide body of published information on P. geniculatus, many knowledge gaps exist about its biology and epidemiological potential. For this reason, we analysed the literature for P. geniculatus in Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and the BibTriv3.0 databases to update existing knowledge and provide better information on its geographic distribution, life cycle, genetic diversity, evidence of intrusion and domiciliation, vector-related circulating discrete taxonomic units, possible role in oral T. cruzi transmission, and the effect of climate change on its biology and epidemiology.

Objective to describe the concerns and social changes of people during the coronavirus pandemic in Colombia. Method quantitative descriptive-exploratory study, carried out with 352 people in Colombia, using a structured form on Google Forms in March 2020. The data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. Results social or physical isolation has generated an impact on the lifestyle of people in Colombia, which has led them to have concerns that lead to ruminant thoughts, associated with stress generators, related to economic, labor and health problems of their families. Conclusion the coronavirus pandemic has caused concerns, alterations and consequent changes to the lifestyle of people in Colombia, a situation that must be managed interprofessionally and holistically by nursing professionals.

Objetivo describir las preocupaciones y los cambios sociales de las personas durante la pandemia por coronavirus en Colombia. Método estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo-exploratorio, realizado con 352 personas en Colombia, por medio de un formulario estructurado de Google Forms en marzo de 2020. El análisis de datos se realizó por medio de estadística descriptiva. Resultados el aislamiento social o físico ha generado un impacto en el estilo de vida de las personas en Colombia, lo que los ha llevado a tener preocupaciones que conducen a pensamientos rumiantes, asociados con factores generadores de estrés, relacionados con los problemas económicos, laborales y de salud de sus familiares. Conclusión la pandemia de coronavirus ha causado preocupaciones, alteraciones y cambios consecuentes al estilo de vida de las personas en Colombia, situación que debe ser manejada interprofesional y holísticamente por profesionales de Enfermería.

Objetivo descrever as preocupações e as mudanças sociais das pessoas durante a pandemia do coronavírus na Colômbia. Método estudo quantitativo descritivo-explicativo, realizado com 352 pessoas na Colômbia, utilizando um formulário estruturado do Google Forms em março de 2020. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados o isolamento social ou físico gerou um impacto no estilo de vida das pessoas na Colômbia, o que as levou a ter preocupações que geram pensamentos ruminantes, associados a fatores de estresse relacionados a problemas econômicos, trabalhistas e de saúde de seus familiares. Conclusão a pandemia de coronavírus causou preocupações, alterações e consequentes mudanças no estilo de vida das pessoas na Colômbia, uma situação que deve ser gerenciada interprofissional e holisticamente por profissionais de Enfermagem.

BACKGROUND The leishmaniases are complex neglected diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. In recent studies, genomic changes such as chromosome and gene copy number variations (CNVs), as well as transcriptomic changes have been highlighted as mechanisms used by Leishmania species to adapt to stress situations. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short-term minor temperature shifts in the genomic and transcriptomic responses of L. braziliensis promastigotes in vitro. METHODS Growth curves, genome and transcriptome sequencing of L. braziliensis promastigotes were conducted from cultures exposed to three different temperatures (24ºC, 28ºC and 30ºC) compared with the control temperature (26ºC). FINDINGS Our results showed a decrease in L. braziliensis proliferation at 30ºC, with around 3% of the genes showing CNVs at each temperature, and transcriptomic changes in genes encoding amastin surface-like proteins, heat shock proteins and transport proteins, which may indicate a direct response to temperature stress. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that L. braziliensis promastigotes exhibit a decrease in cell density, and noticeable changes in the transcriptomic profiles. However, there were not perceptible changes at chromosome CNVs and only ~3% of the genes changed their copies in each treatment.

Resumen Este trabajo se propone explicar el papel que desempeñan los mercenarios en los conflictos internacionales contemporáneos, como actores con capacidad para determinar sus dinámicas y desenlaces. Busca, además, contribuir con una visión objetiva de la privatización del uso de la fuerza, mediante un análisis de la naturaleza, contexto y estructura organizacional de los ejércitos mercenarios de la Grecia clásica, y una aproximación a las nuevas formas corporativas del mercenarismo como, por ejemplo, las compañías militares privadas de hoy para concluir que este tipo de actores constituye un elemento característico de la conflictividad internacional

Resumo Este trabalho se propõe explicar o papel que desempenham os mercenários nos conflitos internacionais contemporâneos, como atores com uma grande capacidade para determinar suas dinâmicas e resultado. Procura, também, contribuir a uma visão objetiva da privatização do uso da força, através de uma análise da natureza, contexto e estrutura organizacional dos exércitos mercenários da Grécia Clássica, e uma aproximação às novas formas corporativas do mercenarismo, como por exemplo, as companhias militares privadas de hoje, para concluir que este tipo de atores constitui um elemento característico da conflitualidade internacional.

Abstract This paper aims at explaining the role that the mercenaries have in contemporary international conflicts, as performers with a great capacity to determine their dynamics and outcomes. It also aims at providing an objective view of the privatization of the use of the force by means of an analysis of the nature, context and organizational structure of the mercenary armies of the Classic Greece and an approximation to the new corporative ways of the mercenarism, for example, the current private military companies, to conclude that this kind of actors constitute a characteristic element of the international dispute.

Résumé Ce travail cherche à expliquer le rôle joué par les mercenaires dans les conflits internationaux contemporains en tant qu'acteurs capables de déterminer leurs dynamiques et dénouements. Il cherche aussi à donner une perspective objective sur la privatisation de l'usage de la force, à partir d'une analyse de la nature, du contexte et d'une structure organisationnelle des armées mercenaires de la Grèce classique, en donnant une approche aux nouvelles formes corporatives du mercenarisme telles que les compagnies militaires privées pour conclure que ce type d'acteurs constituent un élément caractéristique des conflits internationaux.

Resumen Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 46 años de edad con cinco años de evolución de episodios intermitentes de hemoptisis cuyo diagnóstico final fue hemosiderosis pulmonar idiopática. Su presentación y características clínicas son comparadas con los otros casos reportados en la literatura.

Abstract The case of a 46-year-old patient with five years of evolution of intermittent episodes of hemoptysis whose final diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is reported. Its presentation and clinical characteristics are compared with the other cases reported in the literature.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir una causa poco común de síndrome de falla cardiaca aguda como lo es el linfoma primario del corazón. Métodos: Presentación de un caso con antecedentes y cuadro clínico de ingreso, manejo instaurado y desenlace. Resultados y conclusiones: Los tumores cardiacos malignos son bastante infrecuentes, más aún el linfoma cardiaco, por lo que no se considera en el diagnóstico diferencial del médico. Se presenta un nuevo caso en la literatura del linfoma cardiaco manifestado como síndrome de falla cardiaca aguda

Abstract Motivation: To describe an uncommon cause of acute cardiac failure such as primary cardiac lymphoma. Methods: Presentation of a case with medical history and clinical records of admission, established management and outcomes. Results and conclusions: Malignant cardiac tumours are quite infrequent, even more so with cardiac lymphoma, which is why they usually are not taken into consideration by physicians when making a differential diagnosis. A new case of cardiac lymphoma manifesting as acute cardiac failure syndrome is presented in the literature.

La angina variante de Prinzmetal es una enfermedad poco frecuente en Colombia, pero con alto riesgo de complicaciones sino se diagnostica e inicia su manejo precozmente. Así mismo, es una de las causas de elevación del segmento ST en el electrocardiograma en pacientes con dolor torácico. Se expone el caso de una paciente con enfermedad vasoespástica y cuya presentación clínica simuló una infarto agudo de miocardio y luego de realizar los estudios diagnósticos se pudo descartar éste y dar el tratamiento adecuado.

Prinzmetal variant angina is an uncommon disease in Colombia, it have high risk of complications if is not diagnosed early and a rapid treatment starter. Also, it is one of the causes of ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram in patients with chest pain in the emergency department. We describe the case of a patient with vasospastic disease whose clinical presentation simulates a heart attack and after diagnostic studies that allowed dismiss this and, the proper treatment was given.

En este artículo se presenta una propuesta novedosa para ubicar de manera óptima las turbinas de un parque eólico, considerando el efecto sombra y cualquier disposición de vientos, usando la técnica metaheurística de optimización por enjambre de partículas (PSO). De igual manera se muestra la disposición que genera mayor energía para un caso propuesto, teniendo en cuenta las restricciones de distancias entre las turbinas, el área del parque eólico y el efecto sombra. La optimización de la energía generada por el parque se realiza para una rosa de los vientos en un periodo de tiempo determinado.

This paper proposes a novel algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) for optimal placement of the turbines in a wind farm. Wake effect is considered for different directions and magnitudes of wind speeds according to a given compass rose. Likewise, energy optimization for a proposed case is shown which takes into account constraints related to distances between the turbines, the wind farm area and the wake effect. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Las metástasis óseas distales a codo y rodilla (acrometástasis), son de baja ocurrencia, se asocian a malignidad avanzada y son indicadores de pobre pronóstico; sólo en 10% de los casos son la primera expresión clínica de la neoplasia. Su reconocimiento es importante ya que se asemejan a enfermedades benignas frecuentes, retardando el diagnóstico y disminuyendo la expectativa de vida de los pacientes. Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con acrometástasis en miembros inferiores; el primero como la manifestación inicial de recidiva de un carcinoma de células renales; y el segundo como parte del extenso compromiso metastásico de un carcinoma de pulmón en su debut. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 349-352).

Distal bone metastasis to elbow and knee, acrometastasis, are of low frequency and are associ-Bone metastases distal to the elbow and knee (acrometastasis) are of low occurrence, are associated with advanced malignancy and are indicators of poor prognosis; only in 10% of cases are the first clinical expression of neoplasia. Its recognition is important because they resemble common benign diseases delaying diagnosis and reducing the life expectancy of patients. Two cases of patients with lower limb acrometastasis are presented; the first as the initial manifestation of recurrence of renal cell carcinoma, and the second as part of the extensive metastatic involvement of lung carcinoma on his debut. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 349-352).

Patients who are hospitalized in critical care settings require nursing care to meet their basic needs. These interventions are integrated as indicators of patient outcomes and quality of care in critical care units. Objective: To analyze the social relevance and disciplinary nature of hygiene, as basic nursing care required for critically ill patients. Method: A literature review and article selection from the ISI-Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Ebsco, Medline, Ovid, and SciELO databases and other sources, such as unpublished documents and web pages. This review included 3 qualitative studies, 27 quantitative studies, 1 mixed study, 40 documentary works, and 4 editorials that were published by nursing professionals and health professionals in other areas. Results: The results were divided into the following 4 categories: basic nursing care in critical care settings, hygiene as basic care for critically ill patients, hygiene and comfort, and research recommendations. Clinical Relevance: It is essential that nursing professionals satisfy patients' hygiene needs and thus provide for their safety, comfort, and welfare. There is an opportunity during the delivery of nursing care for nursing professionals to communicate with patients, assess physical and psychological states, identify potential anxieties and fears, plan patient care, and provide individual attention.

Los pacientes hospitalizados en entornos críticos requieren la provisión de cuidados de enfermería para satisfacer sus necesidades básicas. Las intervenciones encaminadas a satisfacer las necesidades de higiene son cuidados de enfermería, inherentes al rol profesional y que actualmente se omiten o delegan por considerarlas de poco valor, sin tener en cuenta que constituyen indicadores de resultado en los pacientes y de la calidad de atención en las unidades de cuidado crítico. Objetivo: Analizar la importancia social, disciplinar y teórica de la higiene como un cuidado básico de enfermería requerido por los pacientes críticos y su relación con la comodidad a la luz de la teoría propuesta por Kolcaba. Método: Revisión de la literatura y selección de artículos en las bases de datos ISI -Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Ebsco, Medline, Ovid, Scielo y de otras fuentes como documentos no publicados y páginas web. La revisión incluyó 3 estudios cualitativos, 27 cuantitativos, 1 estudio mixto, 40 piezas documentales y 4 editoriales publicados por profesionales de enfermería y otras áreas de la salud. Resultados: Los resultados se organizaron en 4 categorías así, cuidados básicos de enfermería en entornos críticos, higiene como cuidado básico para los pacientes críticos, higiene y comodidad y necesidades de investigación. Importancia clínica: Es indispensable que el profesional de enfermería asegure la satisfacción de las necesidades de higiene de los pacientes, así se proporciona seguridad, comodidad y bienestar. Durante la provisión de los cuidados de enfermería se presenta una oportunidad para que el profesional de enfermería se comunique con el paciente, evalúe el estado físico y psicológico, identifique posibles ansiedades y temores, planifique los cuidados y brinde una atención individualizada.

Trypanosoma cruziis the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, which affects approximately eight million people in the Americas. This parasite exhibits genetic variability, with at least six discrete typing units broadly distributed in the American continent. T. cruziI (TcI) shows remarkable genetic diversity; a genotype linked to human infections and a domestic cycle of transmission have recently been identified, hence, this strain was named TcIDom. The aim of this work was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of TcI subpopulations across humans, insect vectors and mammalian reservoirs in Colombia by means of molecular typing targeting the spliced leader intergenic region of mini-exon gene. We analysed 101 TcI isolates and observed a distribution of sylvatic TcI in 70% and TcIDom in 30%. In humans, the ratio was sylvatic TcI in 60% and TcIDom in 40%. In mammal reservoirs, the distribution corresponded to sylvatic TcI in 96% and TcIDom in 4%. Among insect vectors, sylvatic TcI was observed in 48% and TcIDom in 52%. In conclusion, the circulation of TcIDom is emerging in Colombia and this genotype is still adapting to the domestic cycle of transmission. The epidemiological and clinical implications of these findings are discussed herein.

The objective of this study was to order over time from ancient times to our time, the prevailing ideas on phonatory and articulatory organs based on functional and comparative anatomy. We reviewed various literature sources on phonatory and articulatory organs and ordered in time, in relation to concepts on the formation and function of these organs comparing those ideas and concepts. Historically it is shown that with the advancement of research and development of new ideas and empirical findings, came to a better understanding of phonatory and articulatory elements.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue ordenar a lo largo del tiempo, desde épocas remotas hasta nuestro tiempo, las ideas imperantes sobre los órganos fonatorios y articulatorios con base en la anatomía funcional y comparada. Se revisaron variadas fuentes bibliográficas sobre los órganos fonatorios y articulatorios y se ordenaron en el tiempo en relación a los conceptos sobre la constitución y funcionalidad de tales órganos, comparando dichas ideas y conceptos. Históricamente se muestra que con el avance de la investigación y con el desarrollo de nuevas ideas y comprobaciones empíricas se llegó a una mejor comprensión de los elementos fonatorios y articulatorios.

En este trabajo se estima el valor del stock de capital humano para Colombia en el período 2001-2009, a partir del enfoque de ingresos vitales. Se identifica una tasa de crecimiento del stock agregado de 3,24%, a la cual los hombres contribuyen en mayor medida, al igual que las personas con nivel educativo superior incompleto, mientras los individuos más jóvenes contribuyen más por grupos de edad. Las tasas de inversión bruta, depreciación y revaluación estimadas en 7,48%, 4,44%, y 0,1%, respectivamente, arrojan una tasa de inversión neta de 3,09%. Finalmente,el stock es sensible a cambios paramétricos, pero sus tasas de crecimiento parecen inalteradas.

This study employed the lifetime income approach to estimate the value of Colombia's human capital stock between 2001 and 2009. The findings demonstrate that aggregate stock grew 3.24% over the period. A gender breakdown showed that men contributed more to this growth rate than did women, as did those who had completed higher education compared to those who had not, while analysis by age group showed that younger individuals contributed more than their elders. Likewise, the rates of gross investment, depreciation and revaluation of human capital were estimated at 7.48%, 4.44% and 0.1% respectively, yielding a net investment rate of 3.09%. Finally, although the stock was sensitive to parametric changes, growth rates appeared relatively unaffected overall.

Dans ce travail est évaluée la valeur du stock de capital humain pour la Colombie pour la période 2001 – 2009, calculée à partir des entrées vitales. On identifie un taux de croissance du stock cumulé de 3,24%, auquel les hommes contribuent pour la plus grande partie, de même que les personnes d'un niveau d'études supérieur incomplet, tandis que les individus plus jeunes contribuent davantage par groupes d'âge. Les taux d'investissement brut, dépréciation, et réévaluation estimés respectivement à 7,48 %, 4,44% et 0,1% atteignent un taux d'investissement net de 3,09%. Finalement, le stock est sensible aux changements paramétriques, mais ses taux de croissance semblent ne pas en être altérés.

A single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction targeting the spliced-leader intergenic region of Trypanosoma cruzi I was standardised by amplifying a 231 bp fragment in domestic (TcIDOM) strains or clones and 450 and 550 bp fragments in sylvatic strains or clones. This reaction was validated using 44 blind coded samples and 184 non-coded T. cruzi I clones isolated from sylvatic triatomines and the correspondence between the amplified fragments and their domestic or sylvatic origin was determined. Six of the nine strains isolated from acute cases suspected of oral infection had the sylvatic T. cruzi I profile. These results confirmed that the sylvatic T. cruzi I genotype is linked to cases of oral Chagas disease in Colombia. We therefore propose the use of this novel PCR reaction in strains or clones previously characterised as T. cruziI to distinguish TcIDOMfrom sylvatic genotypes in studies of transmission dynamics, including the verification of population selection within hosts or detection of the frequency of mixed infections by both T. cruzi I genotypes in Colombia.